APES- Unit #3 Study Guide
Species Interactions and Community Ecology
1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?
They have no predators, competitors, or parasites
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition: both species are harmed
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory: one species is harmed and one benefits
* Mutualism: both species benefit
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
The resources that species compete for are water, food, space, mates, sunlight, shelter
4: Define Competitive Exclusion:
competitive exclusion i when one species excludes another species to get access to resource
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
In order for species to co-exist one species only use part of the resource and share it
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
The difference is that fundamental means that one species uses up all the resources it can and realized niche is when they share the resources with other species. a species wouldn't fulfill in a fundamental niche because they will have no more resources if there are no animals to compete with them.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
An example of resource partitioning is when species divide a resource by specializing in a different way
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
Character displacement helps with competition because they become different and go for different things
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
They depend on each other because the predators need the prey to survive
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
It strenghts population because it allows the strongest species to survive and not have that many
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration: Camoflaujing in rocks
* Warning Coloration: Camoflauging in the air
* Mimicry: Camoflaujing in plants
12: Define Parasitism:
When a parasite depends on a host for nourishment or other benifit
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
When host and parasites are locked in a duel of escalating adaptations
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
Some plant adaptations are chemicals and thorns or irritating hairs.
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
Pollination is an example of mutualism because bot the animal and the plants benefit from it
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy: Plants release chemicals
* Commensalism: When one species benefit but the other stays unaffected
* Facilitation: Plants that create shade and leaf litter allowing seedlings to grow
17: What is a community of organisms?
Organisms living in the same place at the same time
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
SEE BELOW
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Most energy is lost through respiration
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eater's footprint."
This is true because what they it is plants and they don't kill animals which have a great part in the environment.
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
Food chains is how energy is transferred and food web explains feeding relationship energy flow
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
A keystone species is a species out of proportion of it abundance if it was removed it will have a ripple effect and alters the food chain
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
The trophic cascade is the high predator controling the amount of lower predators It is important because it makes sure a species doesn't grow to much
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and resilience.
Resistence is when an organism resist an disturbance and resilience is when an organism is gone when its disturbed but later comes back
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name several ways)
Non-native species that spread and become dominant
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
They are planting native species and an invasive species controlled the area
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
* Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soils
* Temperate rainforests: Soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides
* Tropical rainforests: Poor acidic soils
* Tropical dry forest: Erosion prone soil
* Desert: Saline Soils
* Tundra: Permanently frozen soil
* Boreal forest (Taiga): Poor and Acidic soils
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain
The higher you go the colder it is, If you start in the tropics you can end up in the glaciers
Species Interactions and Community Ecology
1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?
They have no predators, competitors, or parasites
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition: both species are harmed
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory: one species is harmed and one benefits
* Mutualism: both species benefit
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
The resources that species compete for are water, food, space, mates, sunlight, shelter
4: Define Competitive Exclusion:
competitive exclusion i when one species excludes another species to get access to resource
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
In order for species to co-exist one species only use part of the resource and share it
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
The difference is that fundamental means that one species uses up all the resources it can and realized niche is when they share the resources with other species. a species wouldn't fulfill in a fundamental niche because they will have no more resources if there are no animals to compete with them.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
An example of resource partitioning is when species divide a resource by specializing in a different way
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
Character displacement helps with competition because they become different and go for different things
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
They depend on each other because the predators need the prey to survive
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
It strenghts population because it allows the strongest species to survive and not have that many
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration: Camoflaujing in rocks
* Warning Coloration: Camoflauging in the air
* Mimicry: Camoflaujing in plants
12: Define Parasitism:
When a parasite depends on a host for nourishment or other benifit
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
When host and parasites are locked in a duel of escalating adaptations
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
Some plant adaptations are chemicals and thorns or irritating hairs.
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
Pollination is an example of mutualism because bot the animal and the plants benefit from it
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy: Plants release chemicals
* Commensalism: When one species benefit but the other stays unaffected
* Facilitation: Plants that create shade and leaf litter allowing seedlings to grow
17: What is a community of organisms?
Organisms living in the same place at the same time
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
SEE BELOW
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Most energy is lost through respiration
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller than a meat-eater's footprint."
This is true because what they it is plants and they don't kill animals which have a great part in the environment.
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
Food chains is how energy is transferred and food web explains feeding relationship energy flow
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
A keystone species is a species out of proportion of it abundance if it was removed it will have a ripple effect and alters the food chain
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
The trophic cascade is the high predator controling the amount of lower predators It is important because it makes sure a species doesn't grow to much
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and resilience.
Resistence is when an organism resist an disturbance and resilience is when an organism is gone when its disturbed but later comes back
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name several ways)
Non-native species that spread and become dominant
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
They are planting native species and an invasive species controlled the area
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
* Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soils
* Temperate rainforests: Soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides
* Tropical rainforests: Poor acidic soils
* Tropical dry forest: Erosion prone soil
* Desert: Saline Soils
* Tundra: Permanently frozen soil
* Boreal forest (Taiga): Poor and Acidic soils
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain
The higher you go the colder it is, If you start in the tropics you can end up in the glaciers